Martin Luther (1483-1546) was a German theologian, priest, and key figure in the Protestant Reformation, a religious and cultural movement that reshaped Christianity in the early 16th century. Here is a summary of his life and contributions: Early Life and Education: Martin Luther was born in Eisleben, Germany, and grew up in a devout Catholic family. He attended the University of Erfurt and later entered an Augustinian monastery, where he studied theology and was ordained as a priest. 95 Theses: Luther's public role in history began in 1517 when he famously posted his "95 Theses" on the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg. These theses were a set of arguments against the sale of indulgences, which were believed to reduce the punishment for sins. This event is often considered the catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. Justification by Faith: Luther's central theological idea was "justification by faith alone" (sola fide). He believed that salvation was a gift from God granted to individuals through faith, not earned through good works or the purchase of indulgences. This idea challenged the authority of the Roman Catholic Church. Excommunication and the Diet of Worms: Luther's teachings led to conflicts with the Church, which eventually excommunicated him in 1521. He was summoned to the Diet of Worms, where he famously refused to recant his beliefs, stating, "Here I stand; I can do no other. God help me." This bold stand marked his separation from the Catholic Church. Translation of the Bible: Luther's translation of the Bible into the German language made the Scriptures accessible to the common people. This was a significant factor in the spread of Protestantism and the development of the German language. Spread of Lutheranism: Luther's ideas sparked a wave of religious reform throughout Europe, leading to the creation of the Lutheran Church and the spread of Lutheranism. His teachings had a profound impact on other reformers and movements, such as John Calvin in Switzerland and the Anabaptists in the Netherlands. Political Impact: Luther's movement had significant political repercussions, as it challenged the authority of the Catholic Church and the Holy Roman Empire. Princes and rulers in various German states saw an opportunity to gain more independence from the empire by supporting Luther, leading to the formation of Protestant territories. Legacy: Martin Luther's legacy is far-reaching. His ideas shaped the development of Protestantism, leading to the establishment of various Protestant denominations. The Reformation had a profound impact on religious, social, and political developments in Europe and laid the groundwork for modern religious pluralism and freedom. Martin Luther's influence extended well beyond his lifetime, and his ideas continue to be studied and debated within the context of the history of Christianity and the broader history of Western civilization.